Eskisehir in Europe

How Close Is Eskişehir to Europe?

Buğra Can Yıldırım

While Eskişehir draws attention with an urban lifestyle and transportation system that increasingly resemble European cities, it is still gradually adapting to European Union standards in areas such as the environment, infrastructure, and sustainability.

Turkey’s European Union membership process has remained on the political agenda for nearly half a century. Throughout this period, the numerous criteria and negotiation chapters expected to be fulfilled have continued to be at the center of public discussion. Although Turkey is considered to have met the necessary requirements in certain areas, debates persist over why the membership process has failed to progress as expected due to various political and diplomatic reasons.

So, how significant is the role of local governments in this ongoing process? Since issues such as transportation, the environment, urban planning, social policies, and cultural projects fall directly under the jurisdiction of municipalities, local administrations play a major role in implementing EU standards in everyday life. Known for its large student population, advanced public transportation system, and progressive urban policies, Eskişehir once again raises the question of how closely Turkey can approach EU standards at the local level.

Within the framework of the EU accession process, candidate countries are presented with a total of 32 negotiation chapters. These chapters cover a wide range of fields, including law, the economy, the environment, transportation, energy, education, and public administration. To join the Union, candidate countries are expected to harmonize their local laws with EU standards and implement all necessary regulations.

Several EU negotiation chapters concern local governments directly or indirectly, tying closely into the daily functioning of cities. In particular, transportation, the environment, energy, and social policies—all areas within the core responsibilities of municipalities—stand as the most critical indicators of how EU standards are applied locally.

One of the most prominent chapters in this regard is Chapter 22 (Regional Policy and Coordination of Structural Instruments), which covers local development, urban planning, and regional funds. Chapter 27 (Environment and Climate Change)—encompassing vital issues such as waste management, water treatment systems, and air quality—is especially crucial for metropolitan municipalities.

Furthermore, Chapter 14 (Transport Policy), which focuses on public transportation systems and urban mobility, and Chapter 15 (Energy), which includes energy efficiency and infrastructure projects, are areas where local governments play a direct, hands-on role. Additionally, Chapter 19 (Social Policy and Employment), dealing with social services, and Chapter 23 (Judiciary and Fundamental Rights), focusing on transparency, accountability, and anti-corruption measures, are considered vital chapters for modern municipal governance.

Within this context, the similarities and differences between Eskişehir and European cities were evaluated in an exclusive interview with journalist and European resident Onur Metin.

What is the biggest difference between Eskişehir and European cities in terms of the environment and transportation? 

According to Onur Metin, the primary difference lies in the level of integrated transportation planning. In European cities, tramways, bicycle lanes, and pedestrian paths operate seamlessly as a single connected system. Although Eskişehir boasts a strong transportation structure, it has not yet achieved full integration. Metin states that while Eskişehir’s tram system sets an important example for Turkey, its bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure are still not as interconnected as their European counterparts. 

Which EU chapter would Eskişehir struggle with the most? Why? 

According to Metin, the most challenging area is Chapter 27 (Environment and Climate Change). He explains that this field requires not only regulatory legislation but also massive infrastructure investments and substantial financial resources. Waste management, water treatment, and air quality systems all demand long-term funding and strategic planning. 

Do local governments need more authority to adapt to EU standards? 

Metin answers this question with a clear “yes.” He points out that municipalities in Europe enjoy significantly more independence in both decision-making and budget management. In contrast, while municipalities in Turkey carry major implementation responsibilities, their administrative and financial authority remains much more limited. 

How are EU negotiation chapters perceived by society? 

According to Metin, these chapters are viewed in Europe merely as a technical and bureaucratic process, whereas in Turkey they have become a symbol of a membership process that has remained unresolved for decades. Nevertheless, local governments are increasingly regarding these chapters as a practical, technical guide for urban development. 

In what ways does Eskişehir resemble European cities? 

Metin notes that Eskişehir is most similar to European cities in terms of its transportation planning and its young, dynamic population structure. Its tram-oriented transit system and a highly pedestrian-friendly city center form the core of this resemblance. 

What is the closest practice in Eskişehir to EU standards? 

According to Metin, the city’s strongest asset is its public transportation network, specifically the tram system. Eskişehir stands out because it has successfully adopted an urban transportation approach centered on rail systems rather than private automobiles. In addition, its vibrant cultural life and city center atmosphere create an everyday urban experience highly similar to European cities.

Overall, Eskişehir presents a profile well above the Turkish average regarding its adaptation to European Union standards, particularly in transportation, urban planning, and overall quality of life. Its extensive tram system, pedestrianized city center, and the energetic influence of its young population bring the city much closer to a European-style urban model.

On the other hand, areas such as environmental management, major infrastructure investments, and fully integrated sustainability policies still require further development to fully meet EU criteria. This demonstrates that although Eskişehir is rightfully considered an “advanced example city” in Turkey’s adaptation process, it is still progressing step-by-step toward full alignment with European urban standards.